9K31

The 9K31 Strela-1 is a Soviet and Russian short-range, low-altitude, all-weather surface-to-air missile system. It is designed to engage low-flying targets such as helicopters, drones, and slow-moving aircraft. The system consists of a transporter-erector-launcher (TEL) vehicle, typically mounted on a light tracked or wheeled chassis, equipped with four ready-to-launch missiles. The missiles are infrared-guided, meaning they home in on the heat signature of the target.

Development of the Strela-1 began in the early 1960s to supplement existing air defense systems. It entered service with the Soviet Army in 1968. Over the years, the system has undergone several upgrades, with the most significant being the Strela-1M variant, which features improved guidance and a larger warhead. The 9K31 system is relatively simple to operate and maintain, making it suitable for deployment by infantry units. It has been exported to numerous countries and has seen combat in various conflicts. While it is considered an older system, it remains in service with some military forces, often in reserve or auxiliary roles.