8021x

IEEE 802.1X is a standard from the IEEE 802.1 Working Group that provides port-based Network Access Control for wired and wireless local area networks. It defines an authentication framework that operates at the data link layer and uses a three-party model: the supplicant (the endpoint seeking access), the authenticator (a network device such as a switch or wireless access point that enforces access control), and the authentication server (typically a RADIUS server that validates credentials).

Communication between supplicant and authenticator uses EAP over LAN (EAPOL). The authenticator forwards authentication messages to the authentication server, usually via RADIUS. If authentication succeeds, the authenticator permits the endpoint to access the network, and may apply authorizations such as VLAN assignment or access control lists. If authentication fails, access can be denied or limited.

802.1X is widely used in enterprise networks for both wired and wireless connections. It requires compatible hardware and software on all sides and is often combined with dynamic VLAN assignment. Many networks implement MAC Authentication Bypass (MAB) as a fallback for devices that do not support 802.1X. The most common authentication methods are various EAP types, such as EAP-TLS and EAP-PEAP, which can rely on certificates, passwords, or smart cards.

Management and deployment considerations: a centralized RADIUS server is typical, with supplicants and authenticators configured for the appropriate policy. While 802.1X strengthens access control, it is commonly used with additional security measures such as encryption, posture assessment, and network segmentation; it does not by itself verify all endpoint security.