öntésnél

**öntésnél** (also referred to as vomiting or emesis) is a reflexive action in which the contents of the stomach are forcefully expelled through the mouth. This process is controlled by the vomiting center in the medulla oblongata of the brain, which can be triggered by various stimuli, including irritation of the gastrointestinal tract, motion sickness, infections, or certain medications.

Common causes of vomiting include gastrointestinal infections (such as stomach flu), food poisoning, pregnancy (morning sickness), motion sickness, migraines, and side effects of chemotherapy or other drugs. Additionally, conditions like gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and brain disorders may contribute to recurrent vomiting.

Symptoms accompanying vomiting often include nausea (a sensation of impending vomiting), abdominal pain, dizziness, headache, and dehydration. Severe or persistent vomiting may lead to complications such as dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, or malnutrition, particularly in vulnerable populations like children and the elderly.

Treatment for vomiting depends on its underlying cause. Mild cases may be managed with rest, hydration (oral rehydration solutions or clear fluids), and over-the-counter antiemetic medications (e.g., ondansetron or dimenhydrinate). In more severe or chronic cases, medical evaluation is recommended to identify and address the root cause. Preventive measures include avoiding triggers (e.g., certain foods, motion, or stress), eating smaller, more frequent meals, and maintaining proper hydration.

When to seek emergency care includes signs of severe dehydration (such as extreme thirst, dry mouth, little or no urination, dizziness, or confusion), persistent vomiting beyond 24–48 hours, blood in vomit, or signs of obstruction (e.g., inability to keep fluids down). Proper care and prompt medical attention can help manage vomiting effectively and prevent complications.