ólom

ólom is the chemical element with the symbol Pb and atomic number 82. It is a dense, soft, malleable metal with a bluish-white color when freshly cut and a dull gray patina when exposed to air.

Natural occurrence and production: lead occurs mainly in the mineral galena (lead sulfide, PbS). It is mined and refined through smelting and processing, and a substantial amount is recovered from recycling, especially from used lead-acid batteries. Lead is present in various geological environments in small amounts.

Uses: lead has many traditional and modern applications. It is used in lead-acid batteries, radiation shielding, and as weight or ballast. It has also been employed in pigments, glass, plumbing, solder, and ammunition. Due to health and environmental concerns, many of its older uses, such as in paints and some pipes, have been restricted or phased out in many countries.

Hazards and regulation: lead is toxic to humans and wildlife. Exposure can affect the nervous system, kidneys, and cardiovascular health, with particular risk to children. Because of these hazards, there are strict safety standards for mining, smelting, manufacturing, and recycling, along with regulatory limits on lead content in paints, water pipes, toys, and various consumer products.

Environmental impact: lead can accumulate in soils, sediments, and organisms, posing long-term environmental and health risks. Management focuses on reducing emissions, controlling contamination, and promoting recycling and safe disposal of lead-containing products.