äärmus

Äärmus is Estonian for extremism or an extremist. The term describes beliefs, movements or individuals advocating drastic change beyond mainstream political norms, often accompanied by rejection of democratic processes, pluralism or human rights. It can denote ideologies and the people who promote them, with the noun äärmuslus meaning extremism and the adjective äärmuslik meaning "extremist" or "extremist-like." In everyday language, äärmus is used for political, religious, ethnic or nationalist currents seeking rapid change and that may employ coercive methods.

Extremist ideologies are typically judged by their repudiation of liberal-democratic norms, intolerance of dissent, or willingness to use violence. They may be non-violent, pursuing influence through propaganda and politics, or violent, including organized activity to subvert the rule of law or intimidate groups.

In Europe and elsewhere, extremism is monitored by authorities and addressed through legislation, education, and counter-extremism programs. Criminal law often targets acts such as incitement, recruitment for or financing of extremist organizations, and violence, while policies promoting resilience against radicalization emphasize critical thinking, civil dialogue and democratic participation.

Scholars debate the definition and boundaries of extremism, balancing security concerns with protection of freedom of expression and association. Critics caution against broad labeling that risks stigmatizing dissent, while proponents argue that clear terminology helps identify threats to democratic order.