extremist

An extremist is a person who holds extreme political, ideological, or religious beliefs that advocate sweeping or radical changes to the social or political order, often coupled with a strong conviction that ordinary means are insufficient. The term is commonly used to describe individuals or groups whose views lie at the fringes of mainstream discourse and who may seek to impose their aims through uncompromising means. Extremism can manifest across political, religious, ethnic, or nationalist ideologies. Not all extremists advocate violence, but violent or terrorist extremism is a predominant concern in policy and security discussions.

Extremist movements may pursue rapid fundamental change, reject pluralism or democratic norms, and dehumanize opponents. They sometimes use propaganda, online networks, and mobilization tactics to recruit followers and coordinate actions. Violent extremism involves actions such as assassination, bombings, or other coercive acts intended to intimidate or coerce broader society.

In policy and law, extremism is addressed through counter-extremism and counter-radicalization programs, surveillance, and, where necessary, criminal prosecutions. Critics caution that the term can be used imprecisely or politically, risking stigmatization of broader groups or suppressing legitimate dissent. Understanding extremism involves examining the appeal of absolutist worldviews, social grievances, and the appeal of belonging and identity beyond conventional politics.