zgryz

Zgryz, in dental terminology, refers to the alignment and contact relationship of the upper (maxillary) and lower (mandibular) teeth when the jaws are closed. In Polish dentistry, zgryz is often used interchangeably with occlusion (owkkluzja) and encompasses the functional bite, including how teeth meet during chewing, speaking, and at rest. A normal zgryz describes an ideal alignment and even contact between teeth, distributing forces evenly and supporting joint health.

Malocclusion, or nieprawidłowy zgryz, is a misalignment of teeth and/or jaws that can affect function and aesthetics. According to common classifications, Class I denotes a normal skeletal relationship with some dental misalignments; Class II involves a retrusive mandible or protrusive maxilla (retrognathia or overbite); Class III involves a protrusive mandible (prognathia or underbite). Other common problems include deep bites, open bites, crossbites, crowding, and spacing issues.

Causes are multifactorial and may include genetic predisposition, abnormal jaw growth, tooth loss, early loss of primary teeth, tongue-thrust or thumb-sucking habits, and trauma. Environmental factors during development can also influence zgryz.

Diagnosis relies on clinical examination, dental impressions, radiographs, cephalometric analysis, and bite registrations to assess occlusion, jaw relationship, and functional impact. Treatment is individualized and can involve orthodontic appliances (braces, aligners), tooth extractions when necessary, restorative adjustments, and sometimes orthognathic surgery to correct jaw discrepancies. Early interceptive care in children and ongoing retention after treatment improve stability and outcomes.