zellij

Zellij is a form of geometric mosaic tilework traditionally produced in the Maghreb region and parts of al-Andalus. It involves assembling many small, individually cut ceramic tiles, or tesserae, into intricate patterns that cover walls, floors, fountains, and architectural interiors. Zellij is closely associated with Islamic architecture and is valued for its precise geometry, color, and craftsmanship.

The craft relies on glazed ceramic tiles that are cut into various shapes and then laid into a plaster or mortar base to form a continuous design. After assembly, the surface is grouted and finished, creating a seamless mosaic. The patterns typically emphasize regularity and repetition, with star and rosette motifs, interlacing bands, and arabesques. Colors commonly include blues, greens, yellows, and whites, though palettes vary by workshop and region.

Historically, zellij flourished from roughly the 10th to the 16th centuries, with major centers in Fez, Marrakech, Tetouan, and Rabat in Morocco, as well as in southern Spain during the Moorish period. It was used in mosques, madrasas, palaces, and medinas to achieve luminous, durable surfaces that withstand humidity and heavy use. The modality of planning often required a model or pattern that guided the cutting and fitting of thousands of individual tesserae.

In modern times, zellij remains a living craft. Traditional workshops continue to produce decorative panels and architectural elements, while contemporary artists reinterpret the technique for new buildings and public art. The practice remains a hallmark of Moroccan and Moorish architectural heritage.