waterbehandelingssector

Water treatment refers to processes that remove contaminants from water to make it suitable for a specified use, most commonly drinking and industrial applications. It covers treatment of surface water, groundwater, and reclaimed wastewater, aiming to protect public health and improve taste, odor, and appearance. The choice of treatment depends on source quality, intended use, and local regulations.

Conventional potable-water treatment typically includes pretreatment screening, coagulation and flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection. Disinfection often uses chlorine or another sanitizer to inactivate pathogens. Additional steps such as lime softening, pH adjustment, or activated carbon may address hardness or organic contaminants.

Advanced treatment technologies extend conventional methods. Membrane processes (microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis) remove fine particles and dissolved substances. Activated carbon adsorption reduces taste and organic matter. Ion exchange treats specific ions; advanced oxidation targets trace organics; desalination provides potable water from seawater or brackish sources.

Wastewater treatment focuses on removing pollutants before discharge or reuse. Primary treatment settles solids; secondary treatment uses biological processes to degrade organic matter; tertiary treatment may include filtration, disinfection, nutrient removal, and polishing. Reclaimed water can be used for irrigation, industry, or groundwater recharge.

Quality control relies on routine sampling and compliance with guidelines from organizations such as the World Health Organization, regional authorities, and national regulators. Environmental considerations include energy and chemical use, sludge management, and the impacts of discharge or desalination brine.