sanitizer

Sanitizer is a chemical agent designed to reduce, but not necessarily eliminate, microbial contamination to a level regarded as safe. The term is used for products applied to both skin (hand sanitizers) and inanimate surfaces (surface sanitizers). It differs from disinfectants, which generally aim to kill a broader range of organisms, and from antiseptics, which are applied to living tissues.

Hand sanitizers typically contain alcohols such as ethanol or isopropanol as the active ingredient, often with humectants and thickening agents. The most common consumer products contain 60–95% alcohol by volume for rapid antimicrobial action. Some non-alcohol formulations use other disinfectants such as benzalkonium chloride, but alcohol-based sanitizers are generally preferred for speed and broad activity. Hand sanitizers are intended for use on clean hands; they are less effective on visibly dirty or greasy skin and should be kept away from heat or flame due to flammability.

Surface sanitizers encompass a wider range of chemistries, including quaternary ammonium compounds, chlorine-based products (such as dilute sodium hypochlorite), hydrogen peroxide, and peracetic acid. These products are registered for specific uses on nonporous surfaces and require adherence to label directions, including appropriate contact time and pre-cleaning. Effectiveness depends on the organism, level of soil, and the nature of the surface.

Safety, storage, and regulatory aspects are important. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are flammable and should be kept away from heat and children. Surface sanitizers may require pre-cleaning, and some claims require rinsing for food-contact surfaces. Regulatory requirements vary by country; surface sanitizers are typically registered with a national agency and labeled with approved uses and contact times.