wakemodeling

Wakemodeling is the study and modeling of fluid wakes produced by moving bodies in a surrounding fluid. It aims to characterize wake structure and predict downstream effects, including velocity deficit, turbulence intensity, and vorticity distribution, in order to inform design and control decisions. The field combines fluid dynamics, experimental fluid mechanics, and numerical simulation, and is applied in aerospace, automotive, maritime, and energy sectors.

Wakemodeling covers both steady and unsteady wakes, as well as wake interactions between multiple bodies and the influence of environmental conditions such as ambient turbulence, stratification, or crosswinds. It relies on a mix of analytical, computational, and empirical approaches.

Common methods include computational fluid dynamics models ranging from Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes to Large Eddy Simulation and, in some cases, Direct Numerical Simulation. Data-driven and hybrid approaches that integrate machine learning with physics are increasingly used to augment traditional solvers. Experimental techniques such as particle image velocimetry and hot-wire anemometry are used for validation and wake characterization. Model validation typically involves comparing predicted wake properties with measurements in wind tunnels, towing tanks, or in situ field tests.

Applications of wakemodeling include improving aerodynamic and hydrodynamic efficiency, reducing wake-induced vibrations and noise, optimizing spacings in arrays of turbines or ships to minimize mutual interference, and informing flow-control strategies. Challenges include accurately capturing turbulence and unsteady effects, high computational costs for high-fidelity simulations, and the need for robust validation datasets.

Related concepts include wake deficit, vortex shedding, turbulence intensity, and CFD. See also fluid dynamics and experimental fluid mechanics.