upavas

Upavas, or upavasa, is a term used in Indian religious traditions to denote fasting or a period of abstinence from regular meals undertaken for spiritual, devotional, or ritual reasons. The concept is found in Hinduism and Jainism, and it is used to describe voluntary fasting on specific days or during particular periods.

Practices and variations of upavas vary widely by community and family. Some observers undertake a complete fast, consuming only water or fruit and milk, while others follow a partial fast that restricts grains, onions, garlic, root vegetables, or certain foods. Fasts are often linked to the lunar calendar and observed on days such as Ekadashi (the 11th day of the lunar fortnight), Pradosh, or during festive periods like Navratri or Paryushan. Alongside dietary restrictions, upavas typically includes prayers, scripture reading, devotional singing, and puja or temple rituals.

Observance is usually voluntary and pursued as a form of self-discipline, purification, and spiritual merit. The fast is commonly concluded with a ritual meal known as parana, or with a small prasad after completing the associated prayers. In Jain traditions, fasting is a central practice within vrat (vows) and may range from short one-day fasts to longer periods, emphasizing restraint and detachment.

Overall, upavas serves as a pointed, personal act of devotion and self-control, observed across diverse communities with regionally specific rules and customs.