unlearning

Unlearning refers to the intentional process of discarding outdated, incorrect, or maladaptive knowledge, beliefs, or habits to make space for more accurate or beneficial alternatives. It is not the same as forgetting; unlearning entails revising mental models, which may require relinquishing long-held assumptions and reconfiguring behavior. The term is used in psychology, education, and organizational development to describe how individuals and groups adapt to new information or social norms.

Effective unlearning typically begins with recognizing a mismatch between current beliefs and new evidence, then suspending or questioning incumbent ideas. It involves reflection, exposure to alternative viewpoints, and practical rehearsals of new routines. Success depends on cognitive flexibility and often benefits from a supportive environment that reduces defensiveness and encourages experimentation.

Barriers include cognitive dissonance, confirmation bias, sunk costs, and social or institutional inertia. Facilitators include structured reflection, feedback loops, safe spaces for error, deliberate practice, and incentives aligned with desired changes. The process may be gradual and non-linear, with setbacks and revisions along the way.

Applications span education, workplace training, healthcare, and public policy. Examples include updating professional guidelines in light of new evidence, removing biased assumptions in hiring and evaluation, and adopting new workflows or technologies that improve safety or efficiency. Unlearning also underpins diversity and inclusion work and critical thinking, by challenging assumptions and enabling more accurate models of the world. As a concept, unlearning emphasizes lifelong learning and cognitive adaptability.