traumatisaation

Traumatization is the process by which exposure to a traumatic event or repeated traumatic stressors leads to enduring psychological, physiological, and social changes in an individual. It can occur after single-event traumas such as accidents or violence as well as after chronic stressors such as abuse or battle-related exposure. The term is used in psychology, psychiatry, and trauma-informed care to describe both immediate stress responses and longer-term adaptations.

Biological and psychological mechanisms involved in traumatization include dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, heightened amygdala reactivity, and altered fear and threat processing. Risk factors include prior trauma, younger age at exposure, insufficient social support, comorbid mental health conditions, and ongoing or repeated exposure to threat.

Symptoms can range from acute stress reactions to chronic conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or complex PTSD. Common features include intrusive memories, avoidance of reminders, negative changes in mood or cognition, hyperarousal, sleep disturbance, and impaired functioning. In children, trauma can affect development and behavior, influencing learning and social relations.

Diagnosis and treatment rely on structured assessments and evidence-based interventions. Approaches such as trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) are commonly used, with pharmacotherapy considered for comorbid symptoms when appropriate. Early intervention and ongoing social support reduce the risk of long-term impairment and promote resilience.

Traumatization can refer to primary traumatization from direct exposure and secondary traumatization or vicarious trauma affecting professionals and family members who witness others’ trauma. Prevention and trauma-informed care aim to reduce ongoing exposure and support adaptive coping and recovery.