transorbital

Transorbital refers to a route of administration or a surgical approach that passes through the orbit, the bony cavity housing the eyeball. This term is most commonly associated with the transorbital lobotomy, a controversial psychosurgical procedure performed in the mid-20th century. In this procedure, an instrument, often an ice pick or a specially designed instrument called an orbitome, was inserted through the thin bone of the orbit superior to the eyeball and then maneuvered to sever connections within the frontal lobe of the brain.

The transorbital lobotomy was popularized by Walter Freeman and James Watts. Freeman, in particular, became known for his refined technique, which he termed the "ice pick lobotomy." The procedure was relatively quick and could be performed without the need for a traditional operating room. It was often used to treat severe mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, depression, and anxiety.

Despite its widespread use for a period, the transorbital lobotomy faced increasing criticism due to its questionable efficacy and severe side effects. These side effects could include personality changes, emotional blunting, cognitive impairments, and even death. As understanding of the brain advanced and more effective pharmacological treatments for mental illness emerged, the transorbital lobotomy fell into disfavor and is rarely, if ever, performed today. The term "transorbital" itself, outside of historical medical contexts, generally refers to anything that penetrates or travels through the eye socket.