translatability

Translatability refers to the degree to which a text, idea, or meaning can be rendered in another language in a way that preserves content, intent, and function. It is not an absolute property, but a negotiation between languages, cultures, and communicative aims.

Several factors influence translatability: linguistic differences (phonology, morphology, syntax, lexicon), cultural references, idioms, humor, and pragmatic context. The type of text (technical, legal, literary, promotional) and the intended audience also matter, as do constraints such as length, format, and modality.

In translation studies, translatability is discussed alongside untranslatability and the quest for equivalence. Concepts such as dynamic versus formal equivalence, loss and gain, and the presence of untranslatable elements (puns, proper names, culturally bound terms) shape translation decisions and strategies.

Assessment methods range from human evaluation by professional translators to automated metrics in machine translation. Quality assessment considers accuracy, fluency, naturalness, and fidelity to function, while MT metrics may emphasize lexical similarity or contextual adequacy.

Practical implications appear in localization, where translatability informs whether content can be efficiently adapted for new markets, and in policy areas such as legal and technical documentation, where precise terminology is essential.

Because translatability depends on languages, domains, and culture, it is a spectrum rather than a binary property. Understanding translatability helps set expectations, select strategies, and balance fidelity with readability.