transhumanism

Transhumanism is a philosophical and social movement that advocates using science and technology to extend and enhance human physical, cognitive, and psychological capacities beyond present human limits. Proponents envision a future in which aging, disease, and death can be mitigated or overcome, and where individuals have greater control over their development. Critics distinguish transhumanism from posthumanism, which speculates about futures in which humans and machines become substantially different.

Historically, the term was popularized in the mid‑20th century by evolutionary biologist Julian Huxley, who described a transition from humanism to a "transhuman" condition. The modern movement emerged in the late 20th century with organizations such as the World Transhumanist Association (later Humanity+) and thinkers like Max More and Natasha Vita-More. The field draws on biology, neuroscience, computer science, and ethics, and intersects with debates about biomedical enhancement, artificial intelligence, and nanotechnology.

Key ideas include the distinction between therapy to treat disease and enhancement to improve normal function, the pursuit of radical life extension, cognitive enhancement, and brain–computer interfaces. Technologies considered include genetic modification, regenerative medicine, neurotechnology, cybernetics, cryonics, and AI-assisted tools. Transhumanists typically emphasize personal autonomy, informed consent, and responsible research, while raising questions about equity, social impact, and governance.

Critics point to risks such as exacerbating social inequality, unintended biological or ecological consequences, and ethical concerns about identity and autonomy. Debates cover safety, consent across generations, and the possible loss of what some value as human nature. Proponents advocate cautious development, inclusive policy, and public dialogue to guide research and ensure accessible benefits while managing risk.