tracheitt

Tracheitt, commonly referred to as tracheitis in medical terminology, is an inflammation of the tracheal mucosa. It can be acute or chronic, with acute tracheitis often developing after an upper respiratory infection or airway manipulation. It is more common in children than in adults, and severe cases can threaten the airway.

Causes and pathophysiology vary. Viral infections (such as influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and adenovirus) are frequent triggers, as are bacterial infections (for example Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae). Less often, tracheitis can follow intubation, chemical inhalation, or chronic exposure to irritants. Inflammation leads to edema and increased secretions along the tracheal lining, which can narrow the airway and provoke coughing and breathing difficulties.

Clinical features range from mild to severe. Common symptoms include fever, cough with purulent sputum, throat or chest discomfort, and varying degrees of dyspnea. In children, there may be irritability or noisy breathing; in more severe cases, tachypnea, chest retractions, or inspiratory stridor can occur. Tracheitis must be distinguished from conditions such as croup and epiglottitis.

Diagnosis rests on clinical assessment supported by tests. Blood tests may show leukocytosis or elevated inflammatory markers. Chest imaging can reveal thickened tracheal walls; bronchoscopy or sputum cultures help identify pathogens in suspected bacterial cases.

Treatment depends on the cause. Viral tracheitis is typically managed with supportive care—fluids, antipyretics, and humidified air. Suspected bacterial tracheitis often requires antibiotics and admission for airway monitoring and supportive care. In all cases, managing airway patency and avoiding irritants are important.

Prognosis is generally favorable with timely treatment, though bacterial tracheitis can cause airway obstruction and rare complications. Prevention focuses on vaccination, good URI management, and minimizing exposure to tobacco smoke.