bronchoscopy

Bronchoscopy is a medical procedure that enables direct visualization of the airways and the lungs using a bronchoscope. A flexible bronchoscope, a slender tube with a camera and light, is most commonly used and can be passed through the nose or mouth into the trachea and larger bronchi. A rigid bronchoscope, a solid metal tube, may be used for specific situations such as removing large foreign bodies or controlling severe bleeding. In addition to examination, bronchoscopy allows sampling of airway secretions or tissue and can facilitate therapeutic interventions.

Indications include diagnostic evaluation of persistent cough, abnormal chest imaging, suspected infection or cancer, or unexplained wheeze; therapeutic uses include clearing mucus plugs, removing foreign bodies, dilating narrowed airways, placing stents, delivering medications directly to the lungs, and collecting tissue or fluid samples (biopsies, brushings, bronchoalveolar lavage).

Preparation typically involves pre-procedure assessment, informed consent, and fasting. Local anesthesia with sedation or general anesthesia may be used. The patient is monitored, and oxygen and suction equipment are available. The bronchoscope is inserted through the nose or mouth and advanced to the trachea and bronchi under direct visualization. The physician inspects the airways and may collect samples or perform therapeutic maneuvers as indicated.

Risks are generally low but include sore throat, coughing, and nosebleeds; more serious complications include bleeding, infection, pneumothorax, bronchospasm, and adverse reactions to anesthesia. The overall risk depends on the procedure type and the patient’s health.

Recovery is usually brief after a flexible bronchoscopy, with most people able to go home the same day. Patients may be advised to avoid eating or drinking until anesthesia wears off and to rest briefly. Results from tissue or fluid samples are typically available within days.