testiculares

Testiculares, or testes, are paired male reproductive glands located in the scrotum. They produce sperm via the seminiferous tubules and synthesize testosterone from Leydig cells, supporting fertility and the development of male secondary sexual characteristics.

Anatomy and relationships: Each testis is encased by the tunica albuginea and divided into lobules containing seminiferous tubules. The epididymis lies along the posterior border, where sperm mature and are stored before ejaculation. The testicular arteries arise from the abdominal aorta, with venous drainage via the pampiniform plexus. Lymphatics drain to lumbar (para-aortic) nodes. Innervation includes autonomic fibers and sensory afferents from genital nerves.

Physiology: Testicular temperature is tightly regulated; they function optimally at a cooler environment provided by the scrotum and by cremaster and dartos muscles. Spermatogenesis occurs within the seminiferous tubules under FSH stimulation and testosterone; mature sperm pass to the epididymis for maturation and storage, and are transported through the vas deferens during ejaculation.

Development and health: The testes develop in the abdomen and descend into the scrotum before birth. Cryptorchidism (undescended testes) increases the risk of infertility and testicular cancer. Regular clinical examination helps monitor size, consistency, and the presence of masses.

Common conditions and evaluation: Torsion presents with sudden scrotal pain and swelling and requires urgent surgical intervention. Testicular cancer is most often germ cell–origin and is evaluated with scrotal ultrasound and serum markers (AFP, hCG, LDH); treatment typically involves orchiectomy and, if needed, chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Other conditions include varicocele, hydrocele, epididymitis, and orchitis. Self-examination and prompt medical attention for abnormalities are advised.