tabarru

Tabarru (Arabic: تَبَرُّع) refers to the voluntary act of giving or contributing to a charitable cause without compensation or expectation of direct return. The term derives from an Arabic root meaning “to purify” or “to do a good deed” and is commonly used in Islamic jurisprudence to describe charitable giving undertaken out of generosity rather than obligation.

Tabarru is distinguished from obligatory charity (zakat), which has defined categories and rates, and from fixed endowments (waqf). It is related to sadaqah (charity) but emphasizes voluntariness and moral intention (niyyah) rather than statutory duty. The donor may designate the beneficiary, and there is no legal requirement for repayment.

In Islamic finance, tabarru can be implemented through donation contracts or charitable funds funded by individuals or institutions. It supports social welfare programs, disaster relief, scholarships, and community projects. Donors may designate a purpose or recipient; the defining element is voluntary, unconditional transfer of wealth or resources, without expectation of material return.

Religious significance: Tabarru is considered meritorious and rewardable in Islamic teachings, with emphasis on intention, sincerity, and accountability. Legally, its handling is subject to national nonprofit regulations in various jurisdictions and to the ethical guidelines of Islamic finance for sharia compliance. Related topics include zakat, sadaqah, waqf, qard hasan, and Islamic finance.