túlérzékenység

Túlérzékenység, meaning hypersensitivity in Hungarian, refers to an exaggerated or abnormal immune response to substances that are typically harmless to most people. This can manifest in a variety of ways, affecting different parts of the body and presenting with a wide range of symptoms.

The most common form of túlérzékenység is allergic reactions. These occur when the immune system mistakenly identifies a harmless substance, known as an allergen, as a threat. Upon exposure, the body produces antibodies, specifically immunoglobulin E (IgE), which then trigger the release of chemicals like histamine. Histamine is responsible for many of the classic allergy symptoms, such as sneezing, itching, runny nose, hives, and swelling. Allergens can be inhaled (pollen, dust mites), ingested (certain foods), or come into contact with the skin (latex, poison ivy).

Beyond typical allergies, túlérzékenység can also encompass conditions where the immune system reacts excessively to the body's own tissues, leading to autoimmune diseases. In these cases, the immune system loses its ability to distinguish between self and non-self, attacking healthy cells and organs. Examples include rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and type 1 diabetes. Another category involves delayed hypersensitivity reactions, which are cell-mediated immune responses that take longer to develop, often seen in contact dermatitis. The severity of túlérzékenység can vary greatly, from mild discomfort to life-threatening anaphylaxis. Diagnosis typically involves medical history, physical examination, and specific tests like skin prick tests or blood tests to identify the responsible substances or immune system markers. Management strategies aim to avoid triggers, manage symptoms with medications like antihistamines or corticosteroids, and in some cases, desensitization therapies.