svirtiniai

Svirtiniai are a class of mechanical linkages used to transmit and transform motion and force. They consist of rigid bars (links) connected by pivot joints to form a kinematic chain. The arrangement of links and joints determines how input movement is converted into output movement, including changes in direction, speed, and torque. In Lithuanian engineering literature, svirtiniai mechanisms are commonly studied as a subset of planar linkages, typically analyzed using kinematic constraints and, for planar systems, the mobility (degrees of freedom) given by standard formulas.

Common configurations include four-bar linkages, slider-crank mechanisms, and toggle or pantograph arrangements. Four-bar linkages are widely used to generate approximate straight-line motion or to convert rotation into oscillation. Slider-crank mechanisms translate rotational motion into linear motion and are central to engines and compressors. More complex svirtiniai systems may combine several linkages to achieve desired motion profiles or force amplification.

Applications span many domains: automotive suspensions and transmissions, clocks and toys, presses and stamping machines, folding doors, robotic arms, and precision positioning devices. Design considerations include reach and envelope, force transmission, speed ratios, backlash, and manufacturing tolerances. Modern design often employs computer simulation and differential kinematic analysis to optimize performance.

Svirtiniai thus form a fundamental concept in mechanical engineering, enabling compact, reliable motion conversion in a wide range of devices. See also: linkage mechanism; four-bar linkage; slider-crank mechanism.