sunflower

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is a large annual flowering plant in the daisy family (Asteraceae). Native to North America, it was domesticated by Indigenous peoples for seeds and oil, and later disseminated worldwide. The plant commonly reaches 1.5 to 3.5 meters in height with a sturdy, hairy stem, rough heart-shaped leaves, and a single, large flower head. The head consists of yellow ray florets around a central disk of small disk florets, which develop into seeds.

Young sunflowers often exhibit heliotropism, turning to follow the sun. In mature plants, the heads typically face east. They grow best in full sun on well-drained soil and tolerate heat; drought tolerance increases with established roots.

There are many cultivars for oilseed production, confectionery seeds, or ornamental use. Oil from sunflower seeds is a major globally traded edible oil, while seeds are consumed as snacks or used in birdseed. Sunflower seeds provide fats, protein, vitamin E, and minerals.

Ecologically, sunflowers attract bees and other pollinators, and the seeds serve as wildlife food. They are also studied for phytoremediation potential, as some varieties can accumulate metals from contaminated soils.

Historically, domestication occurred in North America, followed by spread to Europe and other regions by explorers and farmers. Today, sunflowers are grown worldwide in temperate and subtropical zones for oil, food, and ornamental value.