sunburned

Sunburn is a form of skin injury caused by overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources such as tanning lamps. It results in inflammation of the skin and can vary from mild redness to painful blistering.

UVB rays primarily disrupt skin cell DNA, triggering an inflammatory response that produces redness, warmth, and swelling. UVA rays penetrate more deeply and contribute to photoaging. The severity depends on skin type, duration of exposure, the intensity of UV radiation, and sunscreen use.

Symptoms typically appear hours after exposure and peak within 24 to 72 hours. Common signs include red or pink skin, tenderness, swelling, and a sensation of heat; in more severe cases, blisters, fever, nausea, and headache may occur.

Prevention focuses on reducing UV exposure and protecting the skin. Practices include seeking shade during peak sun hours, applying broad-spectrum sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher and reapplying every two hours or after swimming or sweating, wearing protective clothing and a hat, and avoiding tanning beds.

Treatment for mild sunburn aims to relieve symptoms. Methods include cool baths or compresses, moisturizers or aloe, staying hydrated, and taking over-the-counter pain relievers such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen if appropriate. Do not pop blisters; leave them intact to reduce infection risk.

Most sunburns heal within 3 to 7 days. Repeated sunburn increases the risk of skin cancer and accelerates photoaging. Severe sunburn can lead to dehydration and heat illness, especially in children and older adults.

Seek medical care for severe pain or blisters over a large area, fever, dehydration, confusion, signs of infection, or if sunburn involves the face, genitals, or if the person is very young or has a suppressed immune system.