subshrub

A subshrub, also described as a dwarf or semi-woody shrub in some classifications, is a perennial plant life form characterized by a woody base that persists year after year while the aerial shoots are herbaceous or only partly woody and may die back seasonally. The term emphasizes growth habit rather than strict taxonomy and sits between herbs and woody shrubs in floras and ecological classifications.

Most subshrubs are relatively small, typically under 1 meter in height, although some may reach around 2 meters. The persistent base provides perennation, allowing regrowth after adverse seasons such as drought, frost, or fire. Above-ground parts can be evergreen or deciduous depending on the species and climate. Leaves are often small, tough, and adapted to dry or nutrient-poor conditions, though leaf form varies widely.

Habitat and distribution of subshrubs are broad, with many occurring in Mediterranean-type climates and other arid or semi-arid regions, as well as alpine and temperate zones where seasonal die-back occurs. They frequently contribute to soil stabilization and can form important components of shrub layers, rock gardens, and other plant communities.

In horticulture, subshrubs are valued for drought tolerance, low maintenance, and interesting textures. They are commonly propagated by cuttings or by layering, and may be used in borders, xeriscapes, and rock gardens. The precise boundaries between subshrubs and other growth forms can be blurry, reflecting variability across species and environments. Overall, subshrubs represent a flexible growth form adapted to persist with a persistent base while producing seasonal or partly herbaceous above-ground growth.