strokerelated

Stroke-related refers to medical conditions, research, and clinical practice associated with stroke, a sudden disruption of blood flow to part of the brain. Stroke can be ischemic, caused by a blocked artery, or hemorrhagic, caused by bleeding within the brain. A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a temporary disruption that can warn of a future stroke.

Ischemic strokes account for the majority of cases, while hemorrhagic strokes are less common but often more deadly. TIAs are not strokes themselves but indicate an elevated risk and require urgent evaluation. The hallmark is a rapid onset of neurologic symptoms that may improve, persist, or worsen over minutes to hours.

Symptoms typically appear suddenly and may include numbness or weakness on one side of the body, confusion, trouble speaking or understanding speech, visual problems, dizziness, loss of balance, or a severe headache. Immediate medical attention is essential to minimize brain damage and improve outcomes.

Major risk factors include high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, high cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, and family history. Age increases risk, and differences exist across sex and ethnicity.

Diagnosis and treatment involve emergency imaging and assessment. Brain imaging (usually CT or MRI) and vascular studies help determine stroke type. Ischemic stroke is treated with intravenous thrombolysis using tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) if given within about 4.5 hours of onset, and with mechanical thrombectomy for certain large vessel occlusions within a longer window. Hemorrhagic stroke management focuses on stopping the bleed, reversing anticoagulation if present, controlling blood pressure, and, in some cases, surgical intervention. Rehabilitation begins after stabilization and often includes physical, occupational, and speech therapy.

Prevention emphasizes preventing recurrence through antiplatelet therapy or anticoagulation when indicated (such as atrial fibrillation), statins, and risk factor modification—diet, exercise, smoking cessation, and blood pressure control. Outcomes vary widely and depend on stroke type, location, severity, and time to treatment.