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Strabismus, commonly referred to as "crossed eyes" or "lazy eye," is a condition characterized by the misalignment of the eyes, where they do not simultaneously focus on the same object. This misalignment can result in one or both eyes turning inward, outward, upward, or downward. The condition may be present from birth (congenital) or develop later in life due to various factors, including neurological or muscular imbalances.

Strabismus can occur in one eye (monocular) or both eyes (binocular). When both eyes are affected, the brain may suppress visual input from one eye to avoid double vision, potentially leading to amblyopia, or "lazy eye," where the affected eye fails to develop normal vision. This suppression can occur during critical periods of visual development in childhood, making early detection and treatment essential.

Common symptoms of strabismus include eyes that appear misaligned when looking at an object, difficulty with depth perception, eye strain, headaches, and squinting. In some cases, individuals may experience double vision (diplopia) if the brain is unable to suppress the misaligned image. The condition can affect people of all ages, though it is most frequently diagnosed in children between the ages of two and six.

Diagnosis typically involves a comprehensive eye examination, including tests to assess eye alignment, muscle function, and visual acuity. If strabismus is detected, treatment options may include corrective lenses, eye exercises, or surgery to realign the eye muscles. In cases of amblyopia, patching the stronger eye or using atropine drops to blur vision in the dominant eye can help stimulate development in the weaker eye.

Early intervention is crucial, particularly in children, as untreated strabismus can lead to permanent vision problems. While strabismus itself is not typically painful, it can significantly impact visual function and quality of life if left unaddressed. Regular eye exams are recommended to monitor eye health and detect any signs of misalignment.