stonewash

Stonewash is a finishing technique used primarily on denim fabrics to produce a worn, faded appearance and a softer hand. The traditional method involves tumbling fabric or finished garments in a washing machine with abrasive materials such as pumice stones. The stones abrade the surface and help remove some of the indigo dye, creating irregular fades, whiskering, and a softened texture.

Variations include acid wash, which combines bleaching with abrasion to yield high-contrast fades, and enzyme wash, which uses cellulase enzymes to soften fibers and fade color more gradually. Modern stonewashing often replaces natural stones with synthetic abrasive media or relies on alternative processes such as laser or ozone finishing to reduce stone use and environmental impact.

Process details: garments are loaded into a drum with stones and, in some cases, enzymes or chemicals. The size and amount of stones, the duration of the wash, and the level of agitation determine the degree of fading and texture. After washing, garments are rinsed and dried. Stonewashed denim may show patterns such as horizontal whiskering near the pockets and seams, or random distressing; excessive abrasion can weaken the fabric.

History and context: stonewashing rose to prominence in the 1980s and is commonly associated with the denim industry, particularly in Levi's products, which popularized the worn look. In response to concerns about stone supply, dust, and worker safety, many manufacturers shifted toward enzyme-based, chlorine-based, or laser-based finishes while retaining a similar aesthetic.

This technique is primarily used on denim but can be applied to other sturdy fabrics to achieve a similar worn appearance.