sproutyrelated

Sproutyrelated refers to proteins related to the Sprouty family, including Sprouty (SPRY) proteins and Sprouty-related (SPRED) proteins in humans. These factors are negative regulators of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, especially the Ras/MAPK pathway, and influence cell proliferation, differentiation, and morphogenesis during development and in adulthood.

Sprouty proteins typically contain a Sprouty (SPRY) domain at the C-terminus, necessary for inhibitory activity and interactions with signaling partners. SPRED proteins have an N-terminal EVH1 domain and a Sprouty-related (SPR) domain at the C-terminus. Domain organization varies among family members, shaping tissue-specific action.

Functionally, Sprouty-related proteins dampen signaling from several receptor tyrosine kinases, including FGFR, EGFR, and VEGFR, by interfering with the ERK/MAPK cascade. They may recruit regulatory factors and promote reduced Ras activity, forming negative feedback in growth factor signaling.

Genetically, SPRED1 mutations cause Legius syndrome, a Ras/MAPK pathway-related developmental disorder. Alterations in SPRED2 or SPRED3 have been linked to neurodevelopmental conditions in some studies, while SPRY gene changes appear in certain cancers and developmental syndromes. Phenotypes depend on the affected gene and context.

Sprouty-related proteins were first identified as regulators of FGF signaling in Drosophila and are conserved in vertebrates. They remain a focus in studies of growth factor signaling, development, and tumor biology, with ongoing exploration of therapeutic strategies targeting MAPK pathways.