spermogram

A spermogram, or semen analysis, is a laboratory test used to evaluate male fertility by examining semen and sperm quality. It assesses several parameters including volume, concentration and total count, motility, and morphology, and may include vitality and the presence of white blood cells or debris. Spermograms are commonly used in infertility workups, prior to assisted reproduction, after vasectomy, or to monitor treatment.

Specimen collection follows abstinence guidelines, typically 2 to 7 days of ejaculatory abstinence. The sample is usually collected by masturbation into a sterile container and delivered to the laboratory within about an hour, at body temperature if possible. Analysis follows standardized protocols (for example WHO manuals); semen is allowed to liquefy, pH is measured, and contaminants or lubricants are avoided, as they can affect results.

Common measurements include volume (mL), liquefaction time, pH, sperm concentration (million per mL), total sperm count (million per ejaculate), total motility and progressive motility, and the proportion of morphologically normal forms. Vitality (live sperm) and the presence of round cells or leukocytes may also be reported. Results are compared with reference ranges that vary by edition.

Interpretation and limitations: A single result may not reflect fertility because semen quality fluctuates and sample handling can influence results. Abnormal findings may prompt repeat testing or additional evaluations, such as hormonal testing, imaging, or advanced sperm function tests. Reference values commonly cited from older WHO editions include volume ≥1.5 mL, concentration ≥15 million/mL, total count ≥39 million, total motility ≥40%, and normal forms ≥4%.