spasticitást

Spasticity is a common symptom of upper motor neuron disorders, characterized by tight or stiff muscles and exaggerated deep tendon reflexes. It occurs when there is damage to the portion of the central nervous system that controls voluntary movement, leading to an imbalance in the signals sent to muscles. This condition is often associated with conditions such as cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, stroke, spinal cord injury, and traumatic brain injury.

The primary cause of spasticity is hyperactivity of the stretch reflex, which is mediated by the spinal cord. Normally, this reflex helps maintain muscle tone and posture, but in spasticity, the reflex becomes overly sensitive, causing involuntary muscle contractions. The severity of spasticity can vary widely among individuals, ranging from mild stiffness to severe, painful muscle spasms that interfere with mobility and daily activities.

Symptoms of spasticity include increased muscle tone, muscle spasms, stiffness, and difficulty moving affected muscles. In some cases, it may also lead to joint contractures, where muscles and tendons shorten and tighten around a joint, restricting its range of motion. Spasticity can affect one or more muscle groups and may worsen with stress, fatigue, illness, or changes in temperature.

Diagnosis of spasticity typically involves a physical examination by a healthcare professional, who assesses muscle tone, reflexes, and movement. Additional tests, such as electromyography (EMG) or imaging studies like MRI or CT scans, may be used to identify underlying conditions contributing to the symptoms. There is no single test for spasticity, so diagnosis relies on clinical evaluation and patient history.

Treatment for spasticity aims to reduce muscle stiffness, improve mobility, and enhance quality of life. Options include physical therapy, occupational therapy, and medications such as baclofen, tizanidine, or botulinum toxin injections (Botox). In severe cases, surgical interventions like intrathecal baclofen pumps or selective dorsal rhizotomy may be considered. Management strategies are tailored to the individual’s specific needs and underlying condition.