sourcereduction

Source reduction, occasionally written as sourcereduction, is the practice of preventing waste generation at the source by changing how products are designed, produced, packaged, distributed, and used. The aim is to minimize material inputs, reduce packaging, and extend product life so fewer resources become waste.

Common strategies include eco-design and durability, process optimization to reduce scrap and energy use, material substitution for lighter or less hazardous inputs, and packaging reductions such as bulk dispensing, concentrated products, or reusable systems. Aligning procurement, manufacturing, and consumer behavior with waste-prevention goals is central to effective source reduction.

Source reduction is a core element of the circular economy and is often promoted alongside recycling and recovery programs. It is supported by policies, product stewardship programs, and standards that encourage designers and firms to minimize resource use throughout a product's life cycle.

Benefits include lower material extraction, reduced energy demand, lower waste management costs, and less environmental impact. Challenges involve higher upfront costs, potential impacts on product performance or convenience, limited consumer acceptance, and measurement difficulties. Rebound effects—where efficiency gains stimulate additional consumption—can offset some benefits unless accompanied by behavior change and systemic policy measures.

Examples from industry include lightweighting packaging, designing products for repair or reuse, and establishing bulk or refillable options. Tools such as life cycle assessment and design-for-environment guidelines support decision making in source-reduction initiatives.