sordino

Sordino is a term used in classical music, derived from the Italian word sordo meaning mute or silent. In notation it indicates that a mute should be applied to the instrument or that the sound should be subdued. The term appears in scores as sordino or with abbreviations such as sord., and in directions like con sordino (with mute) and senza sordino (without mute). It encompasses both performance devices and practice aids that modify tone and volume.

For string instruments, a sordino is typically a small mute placed on the bridge or, less commonly, on the tailpiece. It dampens vibrations to produce a softer, more veiled tone and reduces volume. Players may switch between muted and unmuted sections according to the musical context. A practice mute, a common form of sordino, further lowers volume for comfortable orchestra or studio practice.

Brass instruments also use mutes, which are inserted into the bell or placed in the instrument’s path to alter color and timbre. Common types include straight, cup, and harmon mute. In scores, the indication sordino (or con sordino) directs players to employ the mute to achieve the desired effect, while senza sordino signals a return to normal tone.

In performance practice, muting is used to shape phrasing, blend with other parts, or create atmospheric or distant textures. The use of sordino has varied across periods, with Baroque and Classical works using lighter muting and Romantic and modern scores often exploiting more pronounced effects.

See also: Mute (music).