Brass

Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. The proportion of zinc determines both the color and the properties of the material. As zinc content increases, brass shifts from reddish coppery tones toward pale yellow and becomes generally harder and stronger, though more brittle. Common brasses range from low zinc contents to higher ones, with small amounts of lead sometimes added to improve machinability. Some specialty brasses may include small amounts of tin, nickel, or aluminum to enhance corrosion resistance or mechanical properties.

Brass is typically more workable than pure copper and can be cast, extruded, drawn, or hammered. It offers good machinability, particularly in leaded grades, and possesses good thermal and electrical conductivity for an alloy. It also shows better corrosion resistance than plain copper in many environments, though it tarnishes and forms a protective oxide layer over time. The alloy’s color, workability, and finish make it popular for decorative items as well as functional components.

Common uses include musical instruments, decorative hardware, fittings, valves and connectors, and architectural trim. Brass is also used in heat exchangers and coinage in some historical contexts. In plumbing, leaded brasses were widely used for joints and fittings, but many modern designs employ low- or lead-free compositions to address health concerns. Overall, brass is valued for its combination of ductility, machinability, and distinctive appearance.