sniping

Sniping is precision shooting at long range from a concealed position, typically intended to neutralize a target with minimal exposure. A sniper usually works with a spotter who identifies targets, estimates range, and provides ballistic data to adjust fire. The practice combines marksmanship, fieldcraft, and surveillance, and it is used in military, law enforcement, and sport contexts.

Historically, modern sniping emerged with advances in rifles, optics, and communications in the 19th and 20th centuries. Trained marksmen operated from concealed sites to engage distant targets and to gather intelligence; sniper teams have played notable roles in many conflicts and operations.

Equipment and technique emphasize accuracy and concealment. A typical sniper rifle is a high-precision, often bolt-action rifle, paired with a telescopic optic, rangefinder, and ballistic data. Common calibers include 7.62x51mm NATO/.308, .300 Win Mag, and 338 Lapua Magnum. Camouflage, ghillie suits, bipods, and position control aid concealment and stability. Understanding wind, elevation, and bullet drop is essential, and range estimation is a core skill.

Tactics and training focus on observation, patience, and disciplined movement. Snipers operate from carefully chosen observation posts, use the spotter for target prioritization, and time their shots with wind and drift. In law enforcement, sniper teams reserve engagement for severe incidents, under strict rules of engagement and legal constraints.

Beyond military and police use, sniping attracts civilian participation in competitive long-range shooting and hunting, where safety and legality govern practice. Ethical considerations include adherence to the laws of armed conflict and applicable regulations on firearms and use of force.