shivalinga

Shivalinga, often simply called a lingam, is a symbolic representation of the Hindu god Shiva. In Shaivism and broader Hindu practice it serves as a primary icon of worship in temples and homes, symbolizing the divine presence of Shiva in a non-anthropomorphic form.

The term lingam comes from Sanskrit linga, meaning sign, mark, or emblem. The linga is understood as a symbol of Shiva’s energy and potential, representing creation, destruction, and regeneration in a formless, abstract way. It is frequently paired with a base called the yoni, which represents Shakti, and together they can symbolize the union of masculine and feminine principles within the cosmos. Lingams may be described as swayambhu, or self-manifested, and they can be natural stones or crafted from metal or other materials.

Iconography and form: The lingam is typically an oval or cylindrical shaft rising from a base, sometimes enclosed within a sanctum or pedestal. In temple worship it may be a smooth, featureless column or part of a larger architectural design. Some temples house renowned lingams within dedicated sanctums, including the twelve Jyotirlingas, which are highly revered.

Worship and rituals: Lingams are ritually bathed (abhishek) with water, milk, honey, or curd, and anointed with sandalwood paste and sacred ash. Offerings commonly include bilva (bel) leaves, flowers, fruits, and rice. Daily puja is common in temples and many households.

Cultural significance: The lingam is a central symbol of Shiva in Indian religious practice and has extensive mythological and devotional literature. It remains a focus of ritual, worship, and architectural representation across regions and traditions.