shabbat

Shabbat, also called the Sabbath, is a weekly day of rest and sanctity in Judaism. It begins at sundown on Friday and ends after nightfall on Saturday, lasting about 25 hours. Shabbat commemorates the biblical creation of the world and the Exodus from Egypt, and it serves as a weekly covenant between Jews and God.

In rabbinic law, Shabbat prohibits certain types of work known as melacha, derived from the activities used in constructing the Tabernacle. Traditional authorities identify 39 categories of prohibited activity, though practical restrictions vary by community. Observance centers on rest from labor, refraining from everyday commerce, and engaging in prayer, study, and family time. Many communities also observe additional restrictions, such as limits on writing and certain uses of electronics or transportation.

Common observances include lighting candles to usher in Shabbat, blessing over wine (Kiddush) on Friday evening and at the Shabbat table, and eating challah bread. A festive Friday night meal, a longer Shabbat morning service, and Seudah Shlishit (the third meal) are typical in many communities. Havdalah, performed with wine, spices, and a braided candle, marks the end of Shabbat and the return to ordinary time.

Ritual practice varies among Jewish denominations. Orthodox communities generally adhere to traditional prohibitions and liturgy; Conservative communities apply halakha with some adaptations; Reform communities emphasize Shabbat as a flexible, symbolic observance focused on rest, ethical conduct, and community. Shabbat also shapes daily life, family routines, and synagogue participation across traditions.