Kiddush

Kiddush is a Jewish blessing and ritual that sanctifies Shabbat (the Sabbath) and Jewish holidays. The term means sanctification and is derived from the Hebrew root meaning to sanctify. The ritual is performed over a cup of wine or grape juice and marks the transition from weekday to holy time, typically at the start of the meal on Shabbat or a festival, either at home or in the synagogue.

On Friday evening, the head of the household or a designated person recites Kiddush before the Shabbat meal. The blessing over the wine is followed by the sanctification of the day, and, in many communities, by the blessing over bread after washing hands. The exact wording of the Kiddush varies by tradition, but all forms aim to declare the sanctity of the day and recall themes of creation and redemption.

During Shabbat and holiday services, a Kiddush may also be recited in the synagogue, or at the conclusion of the service, inviting participants to partake in wine or grape juice. In homes, Kiddush commonly signals the start of the festive meal itself and can serve as a communal focal point for the meal.

Wine is traditional, but grape juice is commonly used today, especially where abstinence from alcohol is preferred or for children. Contemporary practice ranges from strictly liturgical recitation to broader social customs surrounding the Friday night and holiday meals.

Kiddush is distinct from Kiddush Levanah, the separate ritual of blessing and sanctifying the new moon, which is performed outdoors and on different occasions.