serebrovaskular

Serebrovaskular, or cerebrovascular, refers to the vascular system of the brain and to disorders that affect brain blood vessels. It encompasses arteries, veins, and the microcirculation that supply the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum. The major arterial supply comes from the internal carotid arteries and the vertebrobasilar system, with the circle of Willis helping to maintain blood flow if a vessel becomes narrowed or blocked.

Common cerebrovascular disorders include ischemic stroke, caused by an occlusion that reduces blood flow to brain tissue; and hemorrhagic stroke, produced by rupture of a vessel leading to bleeding within or around the brain. Transient ischemic attack is a temporary neurologic deficit due to brief blood flow interruption. Other conditions involve vascular malformations, such as aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, and inflammatory vasculopathies.

Diagnosis relies on clinical assessment and imaging. Computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) identifies infarction or hemorrhage, while CT or MR angiography and carotid ultrasound visualize vessels. Laboratory tests assess risk factors and underlying causes when appropriate.

Management aims to preserve brain tissue, restore perfusion, and prevent recurrence. Ischemic stroke may be treated with thrombolysis and, if eligible, mechanical thrombectomy. Hemorrhagic stroke requires stabilization and management of bleeding risk, sometimes with surgical intervention. Long-term treatment focuses on risk factor modification, antithrombotic therapy when indicated, lipid and blood pressure control, diabetes management, smoking cessation, and rehabilitation. Prognosis varies with stroke type, location, and the speed of treatment.