sensör

A sensör is a device that detects physical, chemical, or biological properties and converts them into a signal that can be measured, analyzed, or controlled. The term covers a wide range of devices used in science, industry, and everyday electronics.

Most sensors comprise a sensing element that interacts with the measurand, a transducer that converts this interaction into a signal, and electronics for signal conditioning, interpretation, and output. Outputs are typically analog voltages or currents, though many modern sensors provide digital data via interfaces such as I2C, SPI, or UART. Calibration and environmental compensation improve accuracy.

Sensors are categorized by the property they detect: temperature (thermocouples, RTDs), pressure (piezoresistive, capacitive), light (photodiodes, phototransistors), chemical and biological (electrochemical, optical biosensors), magnetic fields (Hall sensors), motion (accelerometers, gyroscopes), and many others. They may measure physical changes in resistance, capacitance, inductance, or frequency as well as produce optical or acoustic signals.

Applications span consumer electronics, automotive systems, industrial automation, environmental monitoring, and medical devices. Advances in micro-electromechanical systems and nanotechnology have enabled small, low-power sensors and sensor networks for the Internet of Things.

Challenges include accuracy, drift, noise, hysteresis, and cross-sensitivity to environmental factors. Sensor performance is validated via calibration against traceable standards to ensure reliability in measurements and control systems.