schwannomma

Schwannomas are tumors that arise from Schwann cells, which are a type of glial cell that form the myelin sheath surrounding peripheral nerves. These tumors are typically benign and slow-growing, though in rare cases they can become malignant. Schwannomas can occur at any point along a nerve, but they are most common in the head and neck, extremities, and the retroperitoneum. They can also occur in cranial nerves, such as the vestibulocochlear nerve (acoustic neuroma), leading to symptoms like hearing loss and tinnitus.

The cause of most schwannomas is unknown, but some are associated with genetic syndromes like neurofibromatosis type 2. Symptoms depend on the location and size of the tumor. Small schwannomas may be asymptomatic and discovered incidentally. Larger tumors can cause pain, numbness, weakness, or paralysis in the area served by the affected nerve. Those affecting cranial nerves can lead to visual or auditory disturbances, dizziness, or facial weakness.

Diagnosis often involves a physical examination, neurological assessment, and imaging techniques such as MRI or CT scans. Biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other conditions. Treatment for schwannomas depends on their size, location, and the presence of symptoms. Small, asymptomatic tumors may be monitored. Symptomatic or growing tumors are typically treated with surgical removal. In cases where surgery is not feasible or complete removal is not possible, radiation therapy may be an option. The prognosis for benign schwannomas is generally good after successful surgical excision.