sankcím

Sankcím is a term sometimes used to refer to sanctions, though the standard Hungarian spelling is szankció. In international relations, sanctions are measures imposed by one or more states or by international organizations to influence the behavior of a targeted state, organization, or individuals. They are meant to change policies or actions without resorting to armed conflict, often by creating economic or political pressure.

Sanctions can be broad or targeted. Comprehensive sanctions restrict large parts of an economy, such as broad trade or financial relations. Targeted, or smart, sanctions focus on specific persons, entities, sectors, or activities, using tools such as asset freezes, travel bans, and restrictions on dealings with designated parties. Sanctions regimes are typically established by a government, a group of states, or an international organization and are implemented through domestic law and international cooperation. Exemptions may apply for humanitarian goods and activities.

Instruments commonly used under sanctions include trade restrictions, import and export controls, financial and banking restrictions, asset freezes, arms embargoes, and diplomatic measures such as expulsion or downgrading of diplomatic relations. The design and scope of sanctions are debated, with aims to maximize political impact while minimizing harm to civilians and the broader economy. Modern regimes frequently employ layered measures, combining broad, sectoral, and individual designations, sometimes with humanitarian carve-outs to alleviate humanitarian suffering.

Effectiveness varies widely, and sanctions are subject to criticism. They can pressure governments or non-state actors but may also be circumvented or have unintended economic or humanitarian consequences. Their success often depends on international coordination, monitoring, and the availability of alternative channels for trade and finance.