Sanctions

Sanctions are measures by governments or international organizations intended to influence the behavior of a target, typically a state or non-state actor, by restricting economic, political, or other interactions. They aim to compel, deter, or signal disapproval and are often used in response to violations of international law, human rights abuses, aggression, or illicit activities.

They come in several forms: economic sanctions (trade restrictions, asset freezes, financial prohibitions), sectoral or comprehensive restrictions, arms embargoes, and diplomatic sanctions (expulsion of diplomats, travel bans). Targeted or smart sanctions focus on specific individuals, entities, or sectors to limit harm to the general population. Sanctions can be imposed unilaterally or multilaterally by organizations like the United Nations or by blocs such as the European Union or coalitions led by states.

Implementation typically involves lists of sanctioned persons or entities, licensing rules for humanitarian exemptions, monitoring and enforcement by financial institutions and customs, and the possibility of sanctions evasion through third-country intermediaries. The intended effects are to alter behavior, signal condemnation, or deter illicit actions, but outcomes vary and sometimes incentives lead to unintended consequences or humanitarian hardship.

Notable aspects include the debate over effectiveness, the balance between coercion and humanitarian impact, and the need for clarity, predictability, and sunset clauses. Examples include UN and multilateral arms embargoes on North Korea and Iran, Western sanctions on Russia, and more targeted measures aimed at officials or oligarchs.