receptorów

Receptor is a general term for a molecule, typically a protein, that receives and transduces signals. These signals can originate from various sources, including other cells, hormones, neurotransmitters, or environmental stimuli. Receptors play a crucial role in cellular communication and are essential for a vast array of biological processes.

Receptors are commonly found on the surface of cells or embedded within their membranes, but some reside within the cytoplasm or nucleus. Their specific three-dimensional structure allows them to bind with high affinity and specificity to particular signaling molecules, known as ligands. This binding event triggers a conformational change in the receptor, initiating a cascade of intracellular events that ultimately lead to a cellular response.

The types of receptors are diverse, reflecting the complexity of biological signaling. Cell surface receptors include ion channels, G protein-coupled receptors, and enzyme-linked receptors. Intracellular receptors, often nuclear receptors, bind to lipid-soluble ligands that can diffuse across the cell membrane. The activation of receptors can mediate responses such as changes in gene expression, enzyme activity, ion transport, or cell growth and differentiation. Dysregulation of receptor function is implicated in numerous diseases, making them important targets for pharmacological intervention.