rations

A ration is a fixed amount of food, fuel, or other goods allotted to individuals or groups, typically during shortages, emergencies, or military operations. Rations are designed to ensure equitable distribution, prevent hoarding, and maintain the health and effectiveness of a population or unit. Rationing can be planned or emergent, centralized or distributed locally.

Historically, rationing has been used during wars, famines, and disasters. In modern times, governments have issued ration books or cards to control staple foods, while relief agencies deploy standard commodities packaged for quick use. Military forces also issue rations in the form of field packs for rapid meals, with emphasis on stability, portability, and ease of preparation.

Types and examples include military field rations such as ready-to-eat meals; government-tested humanitarian rations; space or expedition rations; and survival or emergency rations. Common characteristics are calorie-dense, nutritionally balanced components with long shelf life, minimal preparation, compact packaging, and limited waste. Packaging often includes instructions, tools (can opener), and sometimes beverages.

Distribution and management involve quotas, ration cards, and standardized menus to prevent shortages. In civilian settings, rationing may accompany price controls or allocation systems during crises. Storage considerations include temperature control, humidity, and protection from pests to preserve shelf life. Rations are subject to supply chain conditions and can be adjusted to meet nutritional guidelines or dietary restrictions.