ration

A ration is a fixed portion of goods or services allotted to a person or group. Rations are used to manage scarce resources during shortages, emergencies, or operations requiring controlled distribution. The noun ration refers to the portion itself, while the verb rationing describes the act of distributing according to a rule-driven system.

Rationing programs are typically implemented by governments or international organizations. They rely on administrative rules, quotas, and recordkeeping, and may employ physical or digital tools such as ration cards, coupons, or digital allowances. The items commonly rationed include staple foods, fuel, medicines, and other essentials, or in some cases time or access to services.

Historically, rationing has been used in wartime and during natural disasters to prevent shortages and maintain social stability. Notable examples include civilian food rationing in several countries during World War II, and ongoing disaster-relief programs that distribute emergency supplies to affected populations.

In modern economies, rationing is usually temporary and targeted, with the aim of preventing hoarding and ensuring equitable access. Critics point to distortions, black markets, and administrative costs. Rationing is distinct from price controls, as it specifies quantities rather than prices.

The term originates from Middle French ration, from Latin ratio, reflecting the idea of a calculated portion. In everyday use, to ration means to limit consumption to a fixed portion.