rareevent
A rare event is a phenomenon with a very low probability of occurrence within a stochastic process. In statistics, rare events are infrequent outcomes that can have outsized effects when they occur, often appearing as extreme observations in large samples.
Rare events pose data- and modeling challenges because they are sparsely observed and the data are highly
Common approaches include probabilistic models for counts (Poisson, negative binomial) and their zero-inflated or hurdle variants
Machine learning methods include anomaly detection and one-class classification, designed to identify rare patterns without requiring
Evaluation emphasizes recall and precision on the rare class. Metrics such as the F1 score and the
Applications span finance (fraud, defaults), insurance claims, cybersecurity (intrusions, fraud), disaster risk and epidemiology, manufacturing (faults),
Data sources include historical records, sensor streams, and simulations. When using synthetic data, care must be