prénatal

Pränatal refers to the period before birth, especially within medical contexts relating to pregnancy and fetal development. It encompasses conception through delivery and includes medical care, monitoring, testing, and guidance intended to optimize outcomes for both fetus and pregnant person.

Prenatal development occurs in stages: the zygote after fertilization, the blastocyst, the embryonic period (weeks 3–8) with organ formation, and the fetal period (week 9 to birth) characterized by growth and maturation of tissues and organs. Critical periods mean exposure to harmful agents can affect development.

Prenatal care aims to monitor maternal health and fetal development, provide nutrition, and reduce risks. Typical components include regular obstetric visits, prenatal vitamins such as folic acid, guidance on nutrition, weight gain, physical activity, and avoidance of teratogens (e.g., alcohol, tobacco, certain medications). Vaccinations and treatment for maternal conditions such as diabetes or hypertension may be indicated.

Prenatal screening and diagnostic testing help assess fetal health. Screening may include ultrasound, maternal serum markers, and non-invasive tests (NIPT). Diagnostic procedures like chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and amniocentesis can determine chromosomal or genetic conditions, with associated risks and counseling.

Outcomes depend on timely care, access to services, and individual factors. Prenatal care can reduce perinatal morbidity and mortality, but not all conditions are detectable or preventable. Ethical, social, and cultural factors influence decision-making and access. Related topics include prenatal diagnosis, obstetrics, fetal medicine, and perinatal care.