programering

Programming, or programering, is the craft of designing, writing, testing, and maintaining the instructions that computers execute. It encompasses translating user needs into precise algorithms and code in one or more programming languages, and then refining the solution to be correct, efficient, and maintainable. In many languages, the term programmering is used to refer to the practice; programering is a variant spelling found in some contexts.

Historically, programming emerged in the mid-20th century with machine code and assembly language, followed by high-level languages such as FORTRAN, Lisp, and COBOL. The 1970s and 1980s saw structured and object-oriented programming, which influenced how software is organized. The 1990s to present introduced web programming, scripting, and a broad range of languages (Python, JavaScript, Java, C#, C++, Go, Rust) and paradigms (imperative, functional, declarative, concurrent).

Practice generally follows a software development lifecycle: requirements, design, coding, testing, debugging, deployment, and maintenance. Common tools include compilers and interpreters, integrated development environments, version control systems, and debugging and profiling utilities. Collaboration is facilitated by code reviews and continuous integration and delivery (CI/CD).

Programming enables software for nearly every domain, from embedded systems to mobile apps and cloud services. It remains central to computer science education and industry, with ongoing emphasis on security, reliability, accessibility, and ethical considerations.